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    备战高考:高中英语语法重点难点解析归纳

    2021-03-29 18:18:34 来源:网络整理

      备战高考:高中英语语法重点难点解析归纳

      主谓一致常考难题:

      Fiveminutesisenoughtodothisexercise.

      Eachboyandeachgirlwantstoservethepeopleinfuture.

      Morethanonestudenthasseenthefilm.

      Manyashiphasbeendamagedinthestorm.

      Moremembersthanoneareagainstyourplan.

      一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式:glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。

      但如果主语用akindof,apairof,aseriesof等加名词构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。Apairofshoeswasonthedesk.

      并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。例如:

      Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.

      Thegirl'steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.

      Toloveandtobelovedisthegreathappiness.

      Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisagoodhabit.

      Aknifeandforkisonthetable.

      当主语后面跟有aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,alongwith,with,like,ratherthan,togetherwith,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:

      Theteacheraswellasthestudentswasexcited.

      Theroomwithitsfurniturewasrented.

      Anumberof修饰可数复数名词,谓语动词用复数;agreatdealof,alargeamountof修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

      关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:

      Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.

      Someoftheenergythatisusedbymancomesfromthesun.

      季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称,球类、棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词。

      1/2onehalf1/4onequarter

      形容词的顺序:

      系动词be,grow,get,become,feel,appear,prove,seem,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,turn,remain限定词+数量形容词+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国藉+材料

      Thosethreebeautifullargesquareoldbrownwoodtable

      某些以a-开首的形容词例如:afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake,alive等只能作表语,不能作定语。

      某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词:friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,likely,deadly,silly,orderly,timely等。

      1)close接近地closely仔细地,密切地

      2)free免费地freely自由地,无拘束地

      3)hard努力地hardly几乎不

      4)late晚,迟lately近来

      5)most极,非常mostly主要地

      6)wide广阔地,充分地widely广泛地

      7)high高highly高度地,非常地

      8)deep深,迟deeply抽象意义的“深”

      9)loud大声地loudly大声地

      10)near邻近nearly几乎

      bad/ill,badlyworseworstlittlelessleast

      表示一方不及另一方时,用“less+原级+than”的结构表示:Thisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone.

      表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语,如:even,alot,abit,alittle,still,much,far,yet,byfar等修饰:Heworksevenharderthanbefore.

      注意:byfar通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面,如放在前面,应在二者中间加"the"。

      Heistallerbyfarthanhisbrother.

      Heisbyfarthetallerofthetwobrothers.

      某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时,用to代替than.superior,junior,senior等。

      HeissuperiortoMrWanginmathematics.

      在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用that,one代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人,也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词,而one只能代替可数名词。例如:

      Thebookonthetableismoreinterestingthanthatonthedesk.

      Aboxmadeofironisstrongerthanonemadeofwood.

      表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:

      AisthreetimesthesizeofB.

      Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesizeoftheoldone.

      这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大。[高三倍]

      AisthreetimesasbigasB.

      AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。

      AisthreetimesbiggerthanB.

      例如:Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.

      你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。

      表示两倍可以用twice或double.

      表示“最高程度”的形容词,如excellent,extreme,perfect等,没有最高级,也不能用比较级。

      如果复数名词前有many、few,不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时,该用so而不用such.如:

      I'vehadsomanyfallsthatI'mblackandblueallover.

      MrWhitegotsolittlemoneyamonththathecouldhardlykeepbodyandsoultogether.

      但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such.如:

      Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthatthetheycannotcleanthehousebythemselves.

      6)almost与nearly

      在very,pretty,not后用nearly,不用almost.例如:

      I'mnotnearlyready.

      在any,no,none,never前用almost,不用nearly.例如:

      Ialmostneverseeher.

      need表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中。在肯定句中一般用must,haveto,oughtto或should代替。例如:

      Youneedn'tcomesoearly.

      NeedIfinishtheworktoday?--Yes,youmust.

      注意:needn'thavedone“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。例如:Youneedn'thavewaitedforme.

      "shouldhavedone"表示应该做到而实际上没有做到。

      Youshouldhavestartedearlier.

      "oughttohavedone"表示过去应做某事而实际未做。

      Yououghttohavehelpedhim

      书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。

      表示感觉,愿望和状态的某些动词如have,be,hear,see,like等词一般不用进行时。

      有些动词形式上是主动结构,但表示被动的意思。常见的有可和well,easily等副词连用的不及物动词sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如:

      Theclothwasheswell.这布很经洗。

      Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。

      Thepenwriteswell.这支笔很好写。

      在动词arrange,command,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest等后面的宾语从句中用“+动词原形”例如:

      Wesuggestedthatwehaveameeting.

      Weinsistedthattheygowithus.

      Thedoctororderedthatshestayinbedforafewdays.

      Hedemandedthatwestartrightaway.

      作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“+动词原形”。例如:WeallagreedtohissuggestionthatwegotoBeijingforsightseeing.

      Myideaisthatwedoexercisesfirst.

      在feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to.但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to.例如:Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.

      Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.

      注意:不定式动词在介词but,except,besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to.如:

      Shecoulddonothingbutcry.

      Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?

      Ihavenochoicebuttogo.

      作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如:Heislookingforaroomtolivein.

      Thereisnothingtoworryabout.

      Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.

      There/Itisnouse/good/notanyuse/good/uselessdoingsth.

      动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式:

      admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,feellike,finish,forgive,giveup,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,putoff,resist,risk,suggest,can'thelp,can'tstand等。

      Itriednottogothere.

      Itrieddoingitagain.]

      meantodo有意……meandoing意味着……

      Imeantocomeearlytoday.

      Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.

      allow,advise,forbid,permit

      Wedon'tallowsmokinghere.Wedon'tallowstudentstosmoke.

      动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,若表示的含义是被动的,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式。例如:

      Thewindowneedscleaning.

      在短语devoteto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,stickto,beusedto,objectto,thankyoufor,excusemefor等后的动词也必须用动名词形式:Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.

      Badlypolluted,thewatercannotbedrunk.

      Beingwritteninhaste,thecompositionisfullofmistakes.

      Havingbeendesertedbyhisguide,hecouldn'tfindhiswaythroughthejungle.

      Askedtostay,Icouldn'tverywellrefuse.

      这里asked可能意味着havingbeenasked,也可能意味着when/sinceIwasasked,但用了havingbeenasked就不会有歧义。

      下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同,所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如:

      Coveredwithconfusion,Ilefttheroom.我很窘地离开了房间。

      United,westand;divided,wefall.团结则存,分裂则亡。

      HeusedtoliveinLondon,usen'the/didn'the?

      Thereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewar,usen'tthere/didn'tthere?

      Suchthingsoughtnottobeallowed,oughtthey?

      Heoughttobepunished,oughtn'the?

      但在正式文体中,用oughtwenot形式。例如:

      Weoughttogo,oughtwenot?或Weoughttogo,shouldwenot?

      含有情态动词must的句子表示推则,作“想必”解时,疑问部分不可用mustn't.若前句强调对现在情况的推测,疑问部分用aren't十主语,例如:Youmustbetired,aren'tyou?若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句部分则用needn't.例如:Youmustgohomerightnow,needn'tyou?

      当mustn't表示禁止时,附加疑问部分一般用must.如:

      Youmustn'twalkongrass,mustyou?

      前句谓语动词是musthave+过去分词时,若前句强调对过去情况的推测,疑问部分的谓语动词用didn't+主语;若前句强调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语动词用haven't+主语,例如:

      Hemusthavemetheryesterday,didn'the?

      Youmusthaveseenthefilm,haven'tyou?

      陈述句谓语部分出现否定词缀时,疑问部分仍用否定结构。例如:Heisunfitforhisoffice,isn'the?

      如果陈述部分包含有no,never,hardly,seldom,few,little,nowhere,nothing等否定或半否定词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。例如:Heishardly14yearsold,ishe?

      如果陈述部分的主语为everyone,someone,noone等不定代词,其疑问部分的主语可用he,也可用they.

      Everyoneknowshisjob,doesn'the?

      Everyoneknowstheirjob,don'tthey?

      Noonewashurt,werethey?

      I'mlate,aren'tI?

      Onecan'tbetoocareful,canone?

      Haveacupoftea,willyou?

      Let'sgothere,shallwe?Letusgothere,willyou?

      同位语从句跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要有fact,news,promise,idea,truth等。连接词用that及连接副词how,when,where,why等。例如:

      Hisdelayisduetothefactthatthecarwentwronghalfway.

      Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue.

      Sheaskedthereasonwhytherewasadelay.

      关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下:

      A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如:

      Thequestioniswhetherthefilmisworthseeing.

      Thenewswhetherourteamhaswonthematchisunknown.

      B)在主语从句中,只有用it作形式主语时,whether和if都能引导主语从句,否则,也只能用whether.例如:

      Whetherweshallattendthemeetinghasn'tbeendecidedyet.

      Ithasn'tbeendecidedwhetherweshallattendthemeeting.

      C)在介词之后。例如:

      Italldependswhethertheywillsupportus.

      D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。

      Hedoesn'tknowwhethertostayornot.

      E)后面紧接ornot时。

      Wedidn'tknowwhetherornotshewasready.

      F)引导让步状语从句,只能用whether.

      Whetheryoulikeitornot,youmustdoitwell.

      G)用if会引起歧义时。例如:Pleaseletmeknowifyoulikeit.

      该句有两个意思:“请告诉我你是否喜欢”。

      或“如果你喜欢,请告诉我。”用了whether就可以避免。

      在下面几种情况下必须用"that"引导定语从句:

      1)先行词是不定代词:all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等。Allthatwehavetodoistopractiseeveryday.

      2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。

      ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.

      3)先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some,等修饰。

      Ihavereadallthebookyougaveme.

      4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。

      HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttotalkto.

      5)先行词既有人又有物时。Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool.

      先行词是表示地点时,要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that,否则用where.

      Thisisthehousewherehelivedlastyear.

      Thisisthehousethathevisitedlastyear.

      用nosooner…than和hardly…when引导的从句表示“刚……就……”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,把助动词had提到前面。例如:HardlyhadIenteredtheroomwhenIheardaloudnoise.

      代词作主语时,主谓语序不变。Hereitis.Herehecomes.

      当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时也常常引起全部倒装。

      Southofthecityliesabigsteelfactory.

      Fromthevalleycameafrighteningsound.

      表语置于句首时,倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。

      PresentatthemeetingwereProfessorWhite,ProfessorSmithandmanyotherguests.

      GonearethedayswhentheycoulddowhattheylikedtotheChinesepeople.

      AmongthegoodsareChristmastrees,flowers,candlesandtoys.

      HehasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.

      LiWeican'tanswerthequestion.NeithercanI.

      部分倒装

      用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。Hadyoureviewedyourlessons,youmighthavepassedtheexamination.

      3.用于“形容词+as引导的让步状语从句中。例如:Prettyassheis,sheisnotclever.

      Tryashewould,hemightfailagain.

      如果从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词。

      Childashewas,hehadtomakealiving.

      用于nosooner…than…,hardly…when和notuntil的句型中。Notuntiltheteachercamedidhefinishhishomework.

      用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,often,atnotime,notonly,notonce等词开头的句子。

      NevershallIdothisagain.

      Littledidheknowwhothewomanwas.

      6.用于以only开头的句子。OnlythisafternoondidIfinishthenovel.

      OnlyinthiswaycanyoumasterEnglish.

      OnlywhenhetoldmedidIrealizewhattroublehewasin.

      如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装。

      OnlyWangLingknowsthis.

      用于某些表示祝愿的句子。Mayyousucceed!祝你成功!

      stomach-stomachs,aGerman-threeGermans,

      anAmerican-twoAmericans,mancook-mencooks;

      papers报纸,文件manners礼貌drinks饮料

      inaword简言之?inotherwords换句话说

      havewordswith与某人吵嘴

      haveafewwordswithsb.与某人说几句话

      Thecrowdwererunningfortheirlives.

      某些集体名词,如people,police,cattle等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。Thepolicearesearchingforhim.

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